Securities Lending
Introduction
The CDM is a data model that provides a standard format for financial products and transactions in the capital markets industry. It is intended to improve data quality, increase efficiency, and reduce costs by creating a common language that enables automated trade processing and reduces the need for costly customisations.
The International Securities Lending Association (ISLA) have been working with securities financing subject matter experts to model components in the CDM for the Securities Lending market.
Scope
A securities lending transaction involves the loan of securities by one party (the "lender") to another (the "borrower"), often facilitated by a brokerage firm or agent, with the borrower providing collateral and paying a fee.
Securities lending products, trades and transactions can all be represented using the types, structures and functions in the CDM. The legal agreements that govern the trades can also be described and attached to the trades themselves.
The model supports open or term cash and non-cash collateralised loans, using either fixed or floating rates, on a principal or agency basis. Core lifecycle events including trade execution, settlement, returns, allocation and reallocation are supported, with a basic billing function also provided.
Core elements in Securities Lending
There are several types, attributes and functions that should be used to
describe securities lending products and lifecycle events. The core elements
required are described in this section, with examples of their usage.
Cash Collateral
In a cash loan, the lender lends the borrower the requested securities, and the borrower provides cash as collateral against the securities that they are borrowing.
Loans against cash collateral are formed as a SettlemenetPayout that
includes an TransferableProduct using a Cash asset for the cash collateral, held under
economicTerms->collateral, and an AssetPayout for the security being lent,
held under economicTerms->payout.
The collateralType under collateralProvisions should be set to "Cash" to
define this as a cash collateralised loan. These types can be found under the
economicTerms->collateral type.
An example showing the location of the payouts for the cash collateral and the security being lent is provided below:
"economicTerms": {
"payout": {
"assetPayout": [
{
...
}
]
},
...
"collateral": {
"collateralProvisions": {
"collateralType": "Cash"
},
"collateralPortfolio": [ {
"collateralPosition": [ {
"economicTerms": {
"payout": {
"settlementPayout": [
{
"underlier": {
"cash": {
}
}
...
}
]
}
}
} ]
} ]
},
...
}
Non-cash Collateral
In a non-cash loan, the lender lends the borrower the requested securities, and the borrower provides collateral in the form of other securities or products.
Loans against non-cash collateral are formed as a NonTransferableProduct that
includes a SettlementPayout containing with an Asset for the non-cash collateral, held under
economicTerms->collateral, and another AssetPayout for the security being
lent, held under economicTerms->payout.
The collateralType under collateralProvisions should be set to "NonCash"
to define this as a non-cash collateralised loan. These types can be found
under the economicTerms->collateral type.
An example showing the location of the payouts for the non-cash collateral and the security being lent is provided below:
"economicTerms": {
"payout": {
"assetPayout": [
{
...
}
]
},
...
"collateral": {
"collateralProvisions": {
"collateralType": "NonCash"
},
"collateralPortfolio": [ {
"collateralPosition": [ {
"economicTerms": {
"payout": {
"settlementPayout": [
{
"underlier": {
"security": {
}
}
...
}
]
}
}
} ]
} ]
},
...
}
Cash Pool
In a cash pool loan, the lender lends the borrower the requested securities, and takes cash as collateral from a cash pool held by the lender on behalf of the borrower.
Loans against cash collateral are formed as a NonTransferableProduct that
includes an SettlementPayout for the cash collateral, held under
economicTerms->collateral, and an AssetPayout for the security being lent,
held under economicTerms->payout.
The collateralType under collateralProvisions should be set to "CashPool"
to define this as a cash pool collateralised loan. These types can be found
under the economicTerms->collateral type.
Please see the preceding example for a securities lending trade collateralised using cash for an example of where the payouts can be found.
Defining Collateral
When non-cash collateral is used as collateral on a trade then it needs to
be defined in the AssetPayout of the product. This can be done using the
security type under securityInformation.
The details of the security should be entered in the attributes held within
the security->identifier type, being the identifier and the source.
Parties, Party Roles and Counterparties
The parties on a trade are defined in Party objects. These can be the
lender and the borrower (i.e. the counterparties) or custodians or agency
lenders.
Details of each party should be defined in its own Party object. The role
of each party can be defined in the PartyRole type. Using metadata keys and
references each Party can then be associated to its role.
The counterparties on a trade can be defined using the Counterparty type.
This abstracts the role of each counterparty away from the actual parties
on the trade, allowing them to be set as either "Party1" or "Party2". The
counterparties must reference a Party object which can again be done using
metadata to avoid duplication.
Payer and Receiver
The InterestRatePayout and AssetPayout types must also define the payer
and receiver under the payerReceiver type.
The payer and receiver must reference the counterparties on the trade
using their roles on that trade i.e. either "Party1" or "Party2". The
counterparty under the tradableProduct can be used to set which of the
Party objects is which party.
In securities lending the borrower is considered the payer as they are providing the collateral (either cash or non-cash), and the lender is the receiver of the collateral.
Interest Rate, Price, Quantity and Value
The key factors that affect the earnings on a securities lending trade are the
interest rate, price, loan quantity and loan value. These are all held in the
priceQuantity type, which is represented as a list, allowing multiple items
to be specified.
Note: where a trade has multiple lots associated to it, each tradeLot can
have a different priceQuantity associated to it, allowing each lot to have
its own factors defined.
A securities lending trade will need to include a minimum of two items in the
priceQuantity list - one to describe the asset price and the quantity of
shares of that asset; and another to describe the interest rate and the value
to which the rate is to be applied.
Price and Quantity
The priceQuantity will need to include a price that holds the asset price
and a quantity that holds the number of shares on loan. It is also possible
to define the security that the price and quantity are associated to in the
observable type.
The price will need to have its priceType set to "AssetPrice". The
simplest way to express the price is using the value attribute, an example
of which would be as follows:
"priceQuantity": [ {
...
"price" : [ {
"value" : {
"value" : 25,
"unit" : {
"currency" : {
"value" : "GBP"
}
},
"perUnitOf" : {
"financialUnit" : "Share"
},
"priceType" : "AssetPrice"
}
} ]
...
} ]
The quantity will need to define the number of shares in the value
attribute:
"priceQuantity": [ {
...
"quantity" : [ {
"value" : {
"value" : 0,
"unit" : {
"financialUnit" : "Share"
}
}
} ]
...
} ]
If the security on loan is to be defined here then an observable should be
included in the priceQuantity too:
"priceQuantity": [ {
...
"observable" : {
"productIdentifier" : [ {
"value" : {
"identifier" : {
"value" : "GB00BDR05C01"
},
"source" : "ISIN"
}
} ]
}
...
} ]
Note: the security on loan can also be defined under the product -> security
details
Interest Rate and Value
The priceQuantity will need to include a price that represents the interest
rate and a quantity that holds the value that the interest rate is to be
applied to.
The price will need to have its priceType set to "InterestRate". The
simplest way to express the rate is using the value attribute, an example
of which would be as follows:
"priceQuantity": [ {
...
"price" : [ {
"value" : {
"value" : 0.01,
"unit" : {
"currency" : {
"value" : "GBP"
}
},
"perUnitOf" : {
"currency" : {
"value" : "GBP"
}
},
"priceType" : "InterestRate"
}
} ]
...
} ]
The quantity will need to define the value that the rate is applied to in the
value attribute:
"priceQuantity": [ {
...
"quantity" : [ {
"value" : {
"value" : 10000000,
"unit" : {
"currency" : {
"value" : "GBP"
}
}
}
} ]
...
} ]
Dates
There are several key dates through the lifecycle of a securities lending trade. The main ones that need to be defined are described in this section.
Effective Date
The effective date in a securities lending trade refers to the date when the agreement or transaction between the lender and the borrower becomes binding and takes effect. It signifies the point at which the terms and conditions of the lending arrangement are legally enforceable.
The effectiveDate can be found under the product's economicTerms type.
Trade Date
The trade date is the specific day when the order to lend securities is executed or placed in the market. The trade date marks the initiation of the transaction, while the effective date represents the point at which the agreement becomes legally binding.
Once the trade has been executed then the tradeDate under the trade type
should be set to the date the trade was executed.
Settlement Dates
The settlement date is when the securities legally change hands. In a securities lending trade, there are potentially two dates related to settlement: the security settlement date, and for a trade against cash, the cash settlement date.
The security settlement date is when the securities on the trade are legally transferred from the lender to the borrower. It is the day when the borrower becomes the holder of record of the security.
For cash trades the cash settlement date is the date when the cash payment for the borrowed securities is made by the borrower to the lender. It represents the completion of the financial aspect of the securities lending transaction.
In both instances the settlement dates are defined under the payouts associated to the trade.
For a trade against non-cash there would be two assetPayouts, one for the
non-cash collateral and another for the securities being lent. At a minimum
the settlementDate under settlementTerms in the assetPayout for the
security being lent should be populated. However, it is recommended that the
settlementDate under both assetPayout -> settlementTerms types are set.
For a trade against cash there would be an assetPayout for the securities
being lent and a settlementPayout for the cash being used as collateral.
The security settlement date should be placed in the settlementDate under
settlementTerms in the assetPayout, and the cash settlement date should
be placed in the settlementDate under settlementTerms in the
settlementPayout.
Note: For DVP trades the cash and security settlement dates will be the same.
They should still be set under the assetPayout->settlementTerms->settlementDate
and settlementPayout->settlementTerms->settlementDate types as described
above.
Termination Date
Where a trade has a termination date this can be set under the
terminationDate of the product's economicTerms type. Additional details
related to the termination of a trade can be placed within the
terminationProvision type also under economicTerms.
Legal Agreement
The agreement governing a trade should be referenced in the contractDetails
type under trade. For securities lending trades the ISLA Global Master
Securities Lending Agreement can be referenced by setting the publisher to
"ISLA" and the agreementName->masterAgreementType to "GMSLA". The
preprint version can also be set in the vintage attribute.
These attributes are available under the legalAgreementIdentification type,
an example of which is provided below:
"contractDetails": {
"documentation": [ {
"legalAgreementIdentification": {
"agreementName": {
"masterAgreementType": {
"value": "GMSLA"
}
},
"publisher": "ISLA",
"vintage": 2010
}
} ]
}
Note: further details of the master agreement can be modelled in the
masterAgreementSchedule which is also provided underneath the documentation
type.
Haircut and Margin
In a securities lending trade, a haircut is a reduction applied to the value of the collateral used for a loan and is generally expressed as a percentage. A margin is the initial market value of the collateral expressed as a percentage of the market price.
These concepts can be represented using attributes under collateralProvisions
under the product's economicTerms.
Note: these attributes are expressed as decimal numbers. Thus a 50% haircut would be represented as "0.5", and a 110% margin would be represented as "1.1".
An example of a trade that has a 10% haircut and 105% margin would look as follows:
"economicTerms": {
"collateral": {
"collateralProvisions": {
"eligibleCollateral": [ {
"treatment": [ {
"valuationTreatment": {
"haircutPercentage": 0.1,
"marginPercentage": 1.05
}
} ]
} ]
}
}
}